1 00:00:13,220 --> 00:00:10,610 hello everyone welcome to our next 2 00:00:15,289 --> 00:00:13,230 webinar seems to be somewhat appropriate 3 00:00:18,650 --> 00:00:15,299 but it's going to be on the topic of icy 4 00:00:22,490 --> 00:00:18,660 worlds just before we get going just a 5 00:00:24,349 --> 00:00:22,500 few brief announcement in the email that 6 00:00:26,330 --> 00:00:24,359 went out this week just in case anyone 7 00:00:30,650 --> 00:00:26,340 didn't notice it there is a link there 8 00:00:32,780 --> 00:00:30,660 to podcasts of all of these previous 9 00:00:35,150 --> 00:00:32,790 webinars and I mention that because I 10 00:00:37,430 --> 00:00:35,160 know it can be difficult to watch the 11 00:00:39,889 --> 00:00:37,440 webinars directly on your computer 12 00:00:42,470 --> 00:00:39,899 particularly in real time so if you want 13 00:00:44,209 --> 00:00:42,480 to download them and catch them later 14 00:00:46,670 --> 00:00:44,219 and you can even listen to them at 15 00:00:50,090 --> 00:00:46,680 double speed then just follow that link 16 00:00:53,479 --> 00:00:50,100 the slides for today's presentation are 17 00:00:55,700 --> 00:00:53,489 already linked on the event in the 18 00:00:58,369 --> 00:00:55,710 website so if you want to download them 19 00:01:01,279 --> 00:00:58,379 and follow along you certainly can our 20 00:01:04,520 --> 00:01:01,289 videos are up to date and the video of 21 00:01:07,700 --> 00:01:04,530 this presentation will be up in a day or 22 00:01:10,850 --> 00:01:07,710 so and this is the only presentation 23 00:01:12,440 --> 00:01:10,860 that we're doing this week the one that 24 00:01:14,359 --> 00:01:12,450 was scheduled for this week art for 25 00:01:16,670 --> 00:01:14,369 Thursday he's being rescheduled to 26 00:01:18,980 --> 00:01:16,680 slightly later in january and then just 27 00:01:20,780 --> 00:01:18,990 finally we are being recorded and that 28 00:01:23,600 --> 00:01:20,790 includes both what you say and what you 29 00:01:31,520 --> 00:01:23,610 type just so you're aware of that okay 30 00:01:37,069 --> 00:01:31,530 with that Pauly okay thank you very much 31 00:01:40,490 --> 00:01:37,079 Andy enter hi everyone if you can't hear 32 00:01:43,130 --> 00:01:40,500 me please let me know so it's nice to 33 00:01:47,330 --> 00:01:43,140 see so many participant participants 34 00:01:51,069 --> 00:01:47,340 here so my name is lola lane and I'm 35 00:01:57,819 --> 00:01:51,079 from Cleveland and with me here are 36 00:02:01,749 --> 00:01:57,829 Pentecostal and Celtic singer they can 37 00:02:06,280 --> 00:02:01,759 maybe introduce themselves if they like 38 00:02:10,690 --> 00:02:06,290 little later but uh so we have here 39 00:02:13,340 --> 00:02:10,700 topic about this life of propriety 40 00:02:18,520 --> 00:02:13,350 chemistry evolved on 41 00:02:22,100 --> 00:02:18,530 biological different eat ice words and 42 00:02:25,640 --> 00:02:22,110 hear each slide will be presented by 43 00:02:36,020 --> 00:02:25,650 corresponding author so we will talk by 44 00:02:42,800 --> 00:02:36,030 turns so let's get started so what's 45 00:02:45,320 --> 00:02:42,810 this all about so I the bodies present 46 00:02:51,380 --> 00:02:45,330 some of the clearest evidence for liquid 47 00:02:55,940 --> 00:02:51,390 water on Coco scale and so if water is 48 00:02:59,710 --> 00:02:55,950 necessary for life these parties present 49 00:03:04,100 --> 00:02:59,720 attractive target to search for life or 50 00:03:09,130 --> 00:03:04,110 propriety chemistry's and in our 51 00:03:12,650 --> 00:03:09,140 planetary system especially Europa and 52 00:03:16,100 --> 00:03:12,660 in the letters presents the most likely 53 00:03:22,490 --> 00:03:16,110 examples of different it articles with 54 00:03:26,240 --> 00:03:22,500 possible subsurface oceans or lenses so 55 00:03:34,820 --> 00:03:26,250 it's all about possible water on these 56 00:03:44,110 --> 00:03:34,830 parties then there is this justification 57 00:03:48,580 --> 00:03:44,120 part and first of all finding life or 58 00:03:51,680 --> 00:03:48,590 some propriety chemistry will establish 59 00:03:57,220 --> 00:03:51,690 establish the pounds for life beyond 60 00:04:03,560 --> 00:03:57,230 Earth they are quite with different 61 00:04:10,690 --> 00:04:03,570 places from our rocky planet earth where 62 00:04:14,930 --> 00:04:10,700 we know only life can exist today 10 and 63 00:04:19,099 --> 00:04:14,940 any indicators of life or pro particle 64 00:04:21,080 --> 00:04:19,109 irrelevant chemical processes good shed 65 00:04:25,040 --> 00:04:21,090 light on fundamental questions about the 66 00:04:27,469 --> 00:04:25,050 origin of life so 67 00:04:30,110 --> 00:04:27,479 we don't know how how the life get 68 00:04:35,719 --> 00:04:30,120 started in the first place so if we 69 00:04:42,409 --> 00:04:35,729 could find some biomarkers there some 70 00:04:46,460 --> 00:04:42,419 icy road then lick it good sit sunlight 71 00:04:51,350 --> 00:04:46,470 on the about the origin of wasn't about 72 00:04:57,680 --> 00:04:51,360 the origin of life then if there are 73 00:04:59,570 --> 00:04:57,690 really abital the icy moon may exist at 74 00:05:02,240 --> 00:04:59,580 of rocky planet their terrestrial 75 00:05:04,249 --> 00:05:02,250 primary points like third and dust be an 76 00:05:10,180 --> 00:05:04,259 extremely important plant in planetary 77 00:05:18,860 --> 00:05:16,279 that means that we don't have found any 78 00:05:23,149 --> 00:05:18,870 exomoons yet birthday they might might 79 00:05:31,010 --> 00:05:23,159 ID number them third like rocky planets 80 00:05:33,769 --> 00:05:31,020 we don't know okay then there is a 81 00:05:40,730 --> 00:05:33,779 series of sub questions related to this 82 00:05:46,930 --> 00:05:40,740 topic and the first one is why in first 83 00:05:50,570 --> 00:05:46,940 place we might expect to find life and 84 00:05:53,330 --> 00:05:50,580 how we could expect that the life could 85 00:05:59,390 --> 00:05:53,340 emerge or be sustained in your eyes 86 00:06:03,559 --> 00:05:59,400 ebook world okay first of all of the 87 00:06:07,990 --> 00:06:03,569 habitability of ice word as yet is as 88 00:06:15,070 --> 00:06:08,000 yet poorly asses it you know if they are 89 00:06:21,670 --> 00:06:15,080 habitable or not then subserve a 90 00:06:27,270 --> 00:06:21,680 subsurface fluids good offer up dance of 91 00:06:34,790 --> 00:06:29,820 I supporters may have an interior heat 92 00:06:38,100 --> 00:06:34,800 source turret from rocky core or be 93 00:06:45,590 --> 00:06:38,110 internally heated by title resonances 94 00:06:45,600 --> 00:06:51,320 life could have originated on ice world 95 00:07:00,390 --> 00:06:54,570 there is there aha hepatitis Peppa this 96 00:07:05,610 --> 00:07:00,400 is about the origin of life on Earth in 97 00:07:10,200 --> 00:07:05,620 the hydrothermal vents so it's related 98 00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:10,210 to that all the life could have arrived 99 00:07:24,500 --> 00:07:18,780 new new paper about little panspermia 100 00:07:29,820 --> 00:07:24,510 how how microwaves could have been 101 00:07:35,550 --> 00:07:29,830 transferred from earth or Mars where to 102 00:07:38,310 --> 00:07:35,560 fly first enters the outer planets and 103 00:07:40,200 --> 00:07:38,320 if now if no life is present the 104 00:07:43,650 --> 00:07:40,210 detection of organic compounds produced 105 00:07:47,420 --> 00:07:43,660 on to Isaac body by interesting 106 00:07:49,950 --> 00:07:47,430 processes for sequestered and 107 00:07:54,510 --> 00:07:49,960 concentrated from outside so has they 108 00:08:04,380 --> 00:07:54,520 help us inform about pipe pratik 109 00:08:07,950 --> 00:08:04,390 processes on earth and elsewhere dieser 110 00:08:09,930 --> 00:08:07,960 finish I can save mine yes hi everyone 111 00:08:13,860 --> 00:08:09,940 I'm penny Boston I'm at New Mexico Tech 112 00:08:15,779 --> 00:08:13,870 as a faculty member and I'm also 113 00:08:19,860 --> 00:08:15,789 associate director of the National cave 114 00:08:23,610 --> 00:08:19,870 and karst Research Institute or some 115 00:08:27,300 --> 00:08:23,620 questions to concerns how we can detect 116 00:08:30,990 --> 00:08:27,310 potential biomarkers either in or on icy 117 00:08:32,640 --> 00:08:31,000 worlds this is quite challenging we 118 00:08:35,760 --> 00:08:32,650 infer that these geologically active 119 00:08:39,060 --> 00:08:35,770 bodies have interactions between the 120 00:08:42,170 --> 00:08:39,070 surface and impossible subsurface ocean 121 00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:42,180 whether it's what liquid water or 122 00:08:48,750 --> 00:08:45,610 fracturing impactors from outside or 123 00:08:51,900 --> 00:08:48,760 various convective forces that may be 124 00:08:54,480 --> 00:08:51,910 within a plastic ice crust that could be 125 00:08:56,790 --> 00:08:54,490 analogized to the mantle and crust 126 00:08:59,370 --> 00:08:56,800 relationship here on earth could 127 00:09:02,550 --> 00:08:59,380 actually bring some of the subsurface 128 00:09:05,420 --> 00:09:02,560 derive material to the surface and that 129 00:09:09,569 --> 00:09:05,430 could be access for analysis on mission 130 00:09:10,949 --> 00:09:09,579 we certainly know that from several of 131 00:09:14,329 --> 00:09:10,959 the moons that we'll talk about in 132 00:09:17,250 --> 00:09:14,339 greater detail in a few minutes we have 133 00:09:19,530 --> 00:09:17,260 observable water and gas limbs that are 134 00:09:24,170 --> 00:09:19,540 emitted from fractures and these of 135 00:09:27,449 --> 00:09:24,180 course presented useful mission targets 136 00:09:30,030 --> 00:09:27,459 direct access to the subsurface ocean 137 00:09:31,650 --> 00:09:30,040 why is some sort of probe scheme has 138 00:09:35,430 --> 00:09:31,660 been suggested and there have been 139 00:09:40,759 --> 00:09:35,440 several NASA workshops trying to figure 140 00:09:42,960 --> 00:09:40,769 out about those kinds of access 141 00:09:46,800 --> 00:09:42,970 methodologies there are of course many 142 00:09:49,829 --> 00:09:46,810 caveats and one major one is the 143 00:09:51,630 --> 00:09:49,839 potential destructive alteration of any 144 00:09:54,990 --> 00:09:51,640 of the internal materials once they get 145 00:09:57,860 --> 00:09:55,000 exposed to radiation and other 146 00:10:01,500 --> 00:09:57,870 challenging environments on whatever 147 00:10:03,660 --> 00:10:01,510 body they're on and of course the the 148 00:10:06,329 --> 00:10:03,670 technological feats involved in actually 149 00:10:09,900 --> 00:10:06,339 trying to conduct a mission to directly 150 00:10:12,990 --> 00:10:09,910 probe a notion that is in some cases and 151 00:10:26,389 --> 00:10:13,000 suami ters below the surface are quite 152 00:10:30,889 --> 00:10:26,399 challenging okay question number three 153 00:10:34,949 --> 00:10:30,899 how can we conduct institute test for 154 00:10:43,460 --> 00:10:34,959 the existence of life and its byproducts 155 00:10:46,700 --> 00:10:43,470 or precursors on i.t works we find a 156 00:10:51,930 --> 00:10:46,710 three basic 157 00:10:56,210 --> 00:10:51,940 ways to do this this kind of testing is 158 00:11:02,790 --> 00:10:56,220 first of all who serve all other flybys 159 00:11:09,590 --> 00:11:02,800 that'll be done by voyagers and Kalia I 160 00:11:15,450 --> 00:11:09,600 get Cassini so far and then there are 161 00:11:20,640 --> 00:11:15,460 some indication of water plumes if there 162 00:11:23,850 --> 00:11:20,650 was before on Angeles and recently on on 163 00:11:28,530 --> 00:11:23,860 Europe also so it's a possible that we 164 00:11:31,620 --> 00:11:28,540 could possibly capture some sample from 165 00:11:36,780 --> 00:11:31,630 those blooms at least we can do and has 166 00:11:39,690 --> 00:11:36,790 been done already some spectroscopy then 167 00:11:45,470 --> 00:11:39,700 there is a possibility to send a lander 168 00:11:50,150 --> 00:11:45,480 do some surface chemistry testing 169 00:11:53,820 --> 00:11:50,160 Spectre spectroscopy and with gas 170 00:12:00,140 --> 00:11:53,830 chromatic metric or author of chemistry 171 00:12:05,690 --> 00:12:00,150 approaches finally the hardest ways to 172 00:12:13,140 --> 00:12:05,700 send some kind of ice penetrating probe 173 00:12:16,970 --> 00:12:13,150 for possible ocean or water lens to do 174 00:12:22,230 --> 00:12:16,980 some institute chemistry imagine 175 00:12:25,020 --> 00:12:22,240 microscopy or other tests for to test 176 00:12:34,100 --> 00:12:25,030 for existence of life on biomarkers 177 00:12:39,440 --> 00:12:37,430 okay this is kelsey sorry I can't get my 178 00:12:42,170 --> 00:12:39,450 webcam working I'm a postdoc at 179 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:42,180 Washington University in st. Louis and 180 00:12:48,079 --> 00:12:45,450 question number four is talking about 181 00:12:51,110 --> 00:12:48,089 various aspects of mobility of material 182 00:12:54,079 --> 00:12:51,120 in the ice shell of icy satellites or in 183 00:12:55,720 --> 00:12:54,089 the ocean as well so I focus on your 184 00:12:58,069 --> 00:12:55,730 rope ah just for this presentation 185 00:13:00,620 --> 00:12:58,079 because it's what I work on and what I 186 00:13:02,540 --> 00:13:00,630 know the most about but obviously this 187 00:13:04,579 --> 00:13:02,550 is an important question for many bodies 188 00:13:06,110 --> 00:13:04,589 and we care about it both because we 189 00:13:08,540 --> 00:13:06,120 want to know about the habitability of 190 00:13:10,910 --> 00:13:08,550 these bodies but also because we want to 191 00:13:14,090 --> 00:13:10,920 know if we can get any samples that 192 00:13:16,460 --> 00:13:14,100 would help us learn about this so just 193 00:13:18,530 --> 00:13:16,470 have a cartoon of the likely internal 194 00:13:20,720 --> 00:13:18,540 structure of Europa we have constraints 195 00:13:24,620 --> 00:13:20,730 on the internal structure from Galileo 196 00:13:27,139 --> 00:13:24,630 spacecraft this outer h2o layer which is 197 00:13:28,910 --> 00:13:27,149 shown here over a rocky mantle so both 198 00:13:30,199 --> 00:13:28,920 the ocean and ice shell together or 199 00:13:33,620 --> 00:13:30,209 something like hundred and fifty 200 00:13:36,170 --> 00:13:33,630 kilometers in thickness the actual 201 00:13:38,360 --> 00:13:36,180 thickness of the ice shell itself is of 202 00:13:40,069 --> 00:13:38,370 course a much discussed topics some 203 00:13:42,889 --> 00:13:40,079 people think it could be as thin as a 204 00:13:44,870 --> 00:13:42,899 few kilometers but most estimates are 205 00:13:46,819 --> 00:13:44,880 something like ten order of magnitude 206 00:13:49,910 --> 00:13:46,829 ten kilometers maybe even tens of 207 00:13:51,560 --> 00:13:49,920 kilometers but it's also good to keep in 208 00:13:54,889 --> 00:13:51,570 mind that the ice shell thickness can 209 00:13:58,160 --> 00:13:54,899 change over time and like they have so 210 00:14:00,110 --> 00:13:58,170 these kind of pinkish things rising 211 00:14:02,300 --> 00:14:00,120 through the shell are an example of what 212 00:14:03,860 --> 00:14:02,310 might be moving material in a sea shells 213 00:14:05,840 --> 00:14:03,870 and that would be some form of 214 00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:05,850 convection either more wholesale 215 00:14:11,569 --> 00:14:08,310 convection or something more localized 216 00:14:14,240 --> 00:14:11,579 like diapir ism this would be warmer ice 217 00:14:16,850 --> 00:14:14,250 moving possibly even getting some 218 00:14:18,410 --> 00:14:16,860 partial melting going on and of course 219 00:14:22,250 --> 00:14:18,420 because the all sorts of interesting 220 00:14:23,660 --> 00:14:22,260 surface features on Europa including 221 00:14:25,340 --> 00:14:23,670 ridges and vans which could be 222 00:14:27,860 --> 00:14:25,350 indicating from kind of fracturing to 223 00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:27,870 some depth is occurring and it's broken 224 00:14:34,160 --> 00:14:32,250 up material called chaos and the overall 225 00:14:36,800 --> 00:14:34,170 surface age of Europa is quite young 226 00:14:39,199 --> 00:14:36,810 Jews from crater counting statistics so 227 00:14:45,199 --> 00:14:39,209 we know some of this motion is happening 228 00:14:49,220 --> 00:14:47,030 there are not a kind of impacts on 229 00:14:50,900 --> 00:14:49,230 Europa but I am a fan of impact so I 230 00:14:53,569 --> 00:14:50,910 just want to make sure there are not 231 00:14:56,090 --> 00:14:53,579 forgotten because they also can move in 232 00:14:58,669 --> 00:14:56,100 mixed material here's pictures of two of 233 00:15:01,069 --> 00:14:58,679 the largest impacts on Europa tire and 234 00:15:03,109 --> 00:15:01,079 callanish and just a simple 235 00:15:05,359 --> 00:15:03,119 back-of-the-envelope calculation shows 236 00:15:07,429 --> 00:15:05,369 that based on their size they could be 237 00:15:09,139 --> 00:15:07,439 ejecting material from asifa's 2 238 00:15:16,389 --> 00:15:09,149 kilometers of course they'd also be 239 00:15:21,739 --> 00:15:19,249 and terms have been mentioned so this is 240 00:15:24,530 --> 00:15:21,749 an obvious way to get material to move 241 00:15:26,869 --> 00:15:24,540 around and it's exciting that on your 242 00:15:29,389 --> 00:15:26,879 boba there's no kids of affluent also in 243 00:15:39,079 --> 00:15:29,399 the southern hemisphere from New 850 244 00:15:42,710 --> 00:15:39,089 data this one is mine we are trying to 245 00:15:45,829 --> 00:15:42,720 consider the issue of whether or not and 246 00:15:49,069 --> 00:15:45,839 or to what extent the role of freezing 247 00:15:52,160 --> 00:15:49,079 and thawing as a cyclic process might 248 00:15:54,799 --> 00:15:52,170 lead to enrichment and perhaps 249 00:15:57,530 --> 00:15:54,809 subsequent evolution of complex organics 250 00:16:00,319 --> 00:15:57,540 and prebiotic with prebiotic 251 00:16:01,699 --> 00:16:00,329 implications on icy world so I've 252 00:16:04,819 --> 00:16:01,709 rounded up a little bit of information 253 00:16:08,749 --> 00:16:04,829 about what we think we do know on earth 254 00:16:12,439 --> 00:16:08,759 in permafrost we know that periodical 255 00:16:15,189 --> 00:16:12,449 periodic freezing and thawing during the 256 00:16:19,389 --> 00:16:15,199 thawing period of time of course things 257 00:16:23,210 --> 00:16:19,399 things mix but during the freezing 258 00:16:25,879 --> 00:16:23,220 portion of the cycle liquid pockets that 259 00:16:27,829 --> 00:16:25,889 remain between the ice crystals become 260 00:16:30,980 --> 00:16:27,839 more and more concentrated with respect 261 00:16:34,039 --> 00:16:30,990 to both salt and any organic materials 262 00:16:37,449 --> 00:16:34,049 that they that they can contain some 263 00:16:41,179 --> 00:16:37,459 tunes these are quite large lenses of 264 00:16:44,359 --> 00:16:41,189 highly concentrated solute in the water 265 00:16:47,780 --> 00:16:44,369 and they're called cryo pegs excuse me 266 00:16:52,549 --> 00:16:47,790 I'm battling flu here these pockets of 267 00:16:55,100 --> 00:16:52,559 fluid can then melt again and of course 268 00:16:58,340 --> 00:16:55,110 and this is a transport mechanism for 269 00:16:59,180 --> 00:16:58,350 mixing of materials and so forth the 270 00:17:01,280 --> 00:16:59,190 utility of 271 00:17:05,870 --> 00:17:01,290 for prebiotic chemistry and perhaps even 272 00:17:11,470 --> 00:17:05,880 as microbial habitat is that it will 273 00:17:14,150 --> 00:17:11,480 force a greater interaction of chemicals 274 00:17:17,809 --> 00:17:14,160 compounds of interest for prebiotic 275 00:17:21,290 --> 00:17:17,819 chemistry and they could also ultimately 276 00:17:24,910 --> 00:17:21,300 then serve as little microhabitats for 277 00:17:27,740 --> 00:17:24,920 microbes within the icy frozen mouth 278 00:17:30,020 --> 00:17:27,750 when we have sporadic thawing of course 279 00:17:33,170 --> 00:17:30,030 this is where we get exchange of 280 00:17:36,380 --> 00:17:33,180 materials but also if any organisms on 281 00:17:40,010 --> 00:17:36,390 an icy body possess anything like the 282 00:17:42,620 --> 00:17:40,020 type of genetic coding that we 283 00:17:45,680 --> 00:17:42,630 experience here on this planet this 284 00:17:48,680 --> 00:17:45,690 could allow for at least episodic gene 285 00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:48,690 flow but it's clear to us from from 286 00:17:52,940 --> 00:17:50,010 looking at the literature that we have 287 00:17:55,640 --> 00:17:52,950 been able to interrogate that the word 288 00:17:58,940 --> 00:17:55,650 on these these concentrated brine and 289 00:18:02,090 --> 00:17:58,950 organic pockets is quite insufficient to 290 00:18:03,730 --> 00:18:02,100 really put this in context nevertheless 291 00:18:06,650 --> 00:18:03,740 three things of the notions are 292 00:18:08,300 --> 00:18:06,660 tantalizing enough that this is 293 00:18:11,780 --> 00:18:08,310 something that's quite worthy of being 294 00:18:25,490 --> 00:18:11,790 incorporated into the menu of topics 295 00:18:32,450 --> 00:18:30,020 Oh this week so here we just for this is 296 00:18:33,980 --> 00:18:32,460 a course a relevant question talking 297 00:18:36,080 --> 00:18:33,990 about internal heating sources for any 298 00:18:38,480 --> 00:18:36,090 of these bodies so it just started 299 00:18:41,360 --> 00:18:38,490 making a list here obviously radiogenic 300 00:18:43,700 --> 00:18:41,370 eating tidal heating and early in the 301 00:18:45,620 --> 00:18:43,710 history of these bodies heat of 302 00:18:47,840 --> 00:18:45,630 accretion and possibly heat from 303 00:18:51,710 --> 00:18:47,850 differentiation if that is what happens 304 00:18:54,320 --> 00:18:51,720 to a given satellite and we just made a 305 00:18:56,090 --> 00:18:54,330 little note of when these were most 306 00:18:57,890 --> 00:18:56,100 important there is some radiogenic 307 00:19:00,140 --> 00:18:57,900 heating remaining but of course that was 308 00:19:02,450 --> 00:19:00,150 much more important portant early on and 309 00:19:04,970 --> 00:19:02,460 tidal heating is what really keeps these 310 00:19:06,950 --> 00:19:04,980 audios geologically active today there's 311 00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:06,960 also plenty of interesting research 312 00:19:19,280 --> 00:19:10,110 about potential previous resonances that 313 00:19:21,920 --> 00:19:19,290 these bodies went through our next 314 00:19:27,260 --> 00:19:21,930 question addresses whether or not we can 315 00:19:30,250 --> 00:19:27,270 have any way of detecting subterranean 316 00:19:34,610 --> 00:19:30,260 or sub oceanic hydrothermal activity 317 00:19:37,570 --> 00:19:34,620 should there be the actual oceans that 318 00:19:40,810 --> 00:19:37,580 we are led to believe that there is now 319 00:19:44,090 --> 00:19:40,820 this is quite a difficult task we have 320 00:19:47,150 --> 00:19:44,100 described to do the creative approach to 321 00:19:50,990 --> 00:19:47,160 imagine what might be indicators of 322 00:19:53,060 --> 00:19:51,000 hydrothermal activity on earth we know 323 00:19:56,590 --> 00:19:53,070 that hydrothermal vents have been 324 00:20:00,920 --> 00:19:56,600 detected on my beers and colleagues 325 00:20:04,370 --> 00:20:00,930 using a combination of conductivity 326 00:20:05,570 --> 00:20:04,380 temperature and depth measurements which 327 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:05,580 of course they're able to conduct 328 00:20:10,010 --> 00:20:07,890 because they have access to the surface 329 00:20:13,190 --> 00:20:10,020 of the ocean on earth whether or not 330 00:20:17,830 --> 00:20:13,200 this approach could actually be employed 331 00:20:19,550 --> 00:20:17,840 in on an icy moon remains debatable 332 00:20:22,460 --> 00:20:19,560 nevertheless it's an interesting 333 00:20:25,610 --> 00:20:22,470 suggestion we certainly know that for 334 00:20:27,890 --> 00:20:25,620 Vostok which is one of the subsurface 335 00:20:31,910 --> 00:20:27,900 fluid-filled lenses that I think of as 336 00:20:34,850 --> 00:20:31,920 caves and water ice up shows a clear 337 00:20:37,180 --> 00:20:34,860 footprint on the surface of the ice it 338 00:20:39,350 --> 00:20:37,190 over lives it and this is due to 339 00:20:41,350 --> 00:20:39,360 differential temperature effects 340 00:20:44,840 --> 00:20:41,360 from the fact that there is a 341 00:20:49,660 --> 00:20:44,850 encapsulated liquid water right at the 342 00:20:53,570 --> 00:20:49,670 freezing point and this apparently 343 00:20:56,770 --> 00:20:53,580 seduces this shadow flattening of course 344 00:20:59,840 --> 00:20:56,780 this is a a much thinner amount of ice 345 00:21:05,299 --> 00:20:59,850 than we anticipate for many of the other 346 00:21:09,380 --> 00:21:05,309 icy moons of entry pass on the order of 347 00:21:11,659 --> 00:21:09,390 about 3.8 kilometers is the depth of 348 00:21:15,950 --> 00:21:11,669 this feature but nevertheless there may 349 00:21:18,470 --> 00:21:15,960 be some counterpart to this on other 350 00:21:22,960 --> 00:21:18,480 moons and syllabus as I understand it 351 00:21:25,190 --> 00:21:22,970 they have a much thinner ice cover we 352 00:21:27,169 --> 00:21:25,200 contemplated the idea of measuring the 353 00:21:29,570 --> 00:21:27,179 ice temperature gradients via some sort 354 00:21:33,230 --> 00:21:29,580 of pouring from the surface however on 355 00:21:36,020 --> 00:21:33,240 moons with very thick icy crusts this 356 00:21:46,210 --> 00:21:36,030 may be far short of where one would 357 00:21:53,170 --> 00:21:49,130 okay then there was a question about 358 00:21:58,400 --> 00:21:53,180 sample return for mighty words is it 359 00:22:04,850 --> 00:21:58,410 necessary and is it peaceful first of 360 00:22:08,270 --> 00:22:04,860 all is it really necessary they're easy 361 00:22:11,840 --> 00:22:08,280 straight the orbitals spectroscopy of 362 00:22:13,820 --> 00:22:11,850 surface modulus can tell us much not all 363 00:22:22,700 --> 00:22:13,830 science questions can be answered this 364 00:22:25,340 --> 00:22:22,710 way desirable of more elaborate 365 00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:25,350 resonance erectus awake information from 366 00:22:31,880 --> 00:22:29,010 individual missions I space samples will 367 00:22:34,700 --> 00:22:31,890 require major efforts to preserve them 368 00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:34,710 in their original states probably 369 00:22:49,190 --> 00:22:38,010 necessary active cooling capacities on 370 00:22:53,900 --> 00:22:49,200 the return voyage so it will eventually 371 00:23:00,050 --> 00:22:53,910 be necessary to do sample return mission 372 00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:00,060 if all the evidence so that it's 373 00:23:09,680 --> 00:23:05,010 necessary but is it feasible of course 374 00:23:14,450 --> 00:23:09,690 the required Delta V cost to the outer 375 00:23:18,520 --> 00:23:14,460 solar system and return mission is very 376 00:23:23,210 --> 00:23:18,530 expensive and such mission would be 377 00:23:31,250 --> 00:23:23,220 extremely complex that means it's very 378 00:23:35,810 --> 00:23:31,260 expensive and difficult and that also 379 00:23:38,930 --> 00:23:35,820 means about the question can we really 380 00:23:45,950 --> 00:23:38,940 reach the possible habitable location 381 00:23:48,560 --> 00:23:45,960 record 24 required sample so if the fire 382 00:23:52,370 --> 00:23:48,570 markers or chemistry we are looking for 383 00:23:55,790 --> 00:23:52,380 a thunder 384 00:24:04,040 --> 00:23:55,800 some tig I shell it will be very 385 00:24:06,820 --> 00:24:04,050 difficult to take there is a potentially 386 00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:06,830 highly out red surface sample 387 00:24:17,660 --> 00:24:13,770 interpretable or is the surface sample 388 00:24:27,110 --> 00:24:17,670 better analyzed in to do like in a stone 389 00:24:33,590 --> 00:24:27,120 number 3 X okay um our last major sub 390 00:24:37,310 --> 00:24:33,600 question is what that are in or on icy 391 00:24:38,630 --> 00:24:37,320 satellites might be we distinguish this 392 00:24:42,350 --> 00:24:38,640 into what might have been available 393 00:24:45,830 --> 00:24:42,360 early and what arrived later in the 394 00:24:49,040 --> 00:24:45,840 history of body and in feed what may 395 00:24:52,750 --> 00:24:49,050 still be arriving the high degree of 396 00:24:55,760 --> 00:24:52,760 variability of icy bodies means that is 397 00:24:57,970 --> 00:24:55,770 difficult and perhaps not productive to 398 00:25:00,620 --> 00:24:57,980 try to consider them as a single class 399 00:25:02,810 --> 00:25:00,630 obviously there are great differences in 400 00:25:08,270 --> 00:25:02,820 size great differences in degree of 401 00:25:10,940 --> 00:25:08,280 geological differentiation we plowed 402 00:25:14,600 --> 00:25:10,950 through literature's try to pick out a 403 00:25:18,290 --> 00:25:14,610 few catalogs and kids it's clearly 404 00:25:21,040 --> 00:25:18,300 tightened the poster child for a 405 00:25:24,080 --> 00:25:21,050 gigantic production of organic materials 406 00:25:28,610 --> 00:25:24,090 because of its the nature of its 407 00:25:32,210 --> 00:25:28,620 hydrocarbon geochemistry and atmospheric 408 00:25:36,320 --> 00:25:32,220 chemistry and fluids so it's anticipated 409 00:25:39,860 --> 00:25:36,330 that it has very thick regulus 410 00:25:43,030 --> 00:25:39,870 essentially of hydrocarbons and perhaps 411 00:25:45,140 --> 00:25:43,040 even more complicated and elaborate 412 00:25:50,800 --> 00:25:45,150 organic chemistry so this is an 413 00:25:55,160 --> 00:25:50,810 intrinsic mechanism on titan europa 414 00:25:57,530 --> 00:25:55,170 production of salt from its interior was 415 00:26:03,860 --> 00:25:57,540 actually theoretically dealt with a 416 00:26:06,010 --> 00:26:03,870 couple of years ago but the time 417 00:26:09,350 --> 00:26:06,020 concepts for that of course are unknown 418 00:26:13,010 --> 00:26:09,360 and more recently of course the sodium 419 00:26:16,250 --> 00:26:13,020 salts putative Lee from Enceladus 420 00:26:19,730 --> 00:26:16,260 assumes i've been detected in Saturn's 421 00:26:23,110 --> 00:26:19,740 outermost rings so we actually appear to 422 00:26:28,670 --> 00:26:23,120 have a smoking gun there for export of 423 00:26:31,070 --> 00:26:28,680 salt there have been general 424 00:26:33,080 --> 00:26:31,080 considerations of organic delivery two 425 00:26:35,450 --> 00:26:33,090 planets and moons there are several 426 00:26:38,150 --> 00:26:35,460 papers involving court and sex and I 427 00:26:40,700 --> 00:26:38,160 just wrote one here up there are other 428 00:26:42,310 --> 00:26:40,710 papers coming out of that group with 429 00:26:47,930 --> 00:26:42,320 additional co-authors that have 430 00:26:50,630 --> 00:26:47,940 considered various aspects of cometary 431 00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:50,640 organics materials things created on 432 00:26:56,360 --> 00:26:53,730 commentary bodies over time and the rate 433 00:26:59,480 --> 00:26:56,370 of delivery of those to icy bodies and 434 00:27:01,820 --> 00:26:59,490 other planets certainly we know that 435 00:27:04,520 --> 00:27:01,830 while the work very recently published 436 00:27:07,580 --> 00:27:04,530 in this past year by martins and their 437 00:27:11,450 --> 00:27:07,590 colleagues have shown amino acid 438 00:27:14,060 --> 00:27:11,460 production of a significant degree from 439 00:27:17,660 --> 00:27:14,070 simulations of shock meeting that one 440 00:27:20,780 --> 00:27:17,670 would expect from commentary info we 441 00:27:24,800 --> 00:27:20,790 certainly know that even on Piper belt 442 00:27:27,170 --> 00:27:24,810 objects many of whom are have been in 443 00:27:29,540 --> 00:27:27,180 the past thought to be not geologically 444 00:27:31,810 --> 00:27:29,550 very active but nevertheless they seem 445 00:27:35,090 --> 00:27:31,820 to have significant alteration products 446 00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:35,100 including hydrated silicates so this is 447 00:27:41,300 --> 00:27:37,410 just a brief overview of the things that 448 00:27:43,490 --> 00:27:41,310 caught my attention recently but as I as 449 00:27:46,010 --> 00:27:43,500 I mentioned in the first item there is 450 00:27:50,090 --> 00:27:46,020 really a vast array of literature that 451 00:27:51,910 --> 00:27:50,100 can pertain to this question and I do 452 00:27:55,370 --> 00:27:51,920 not believe that anyone has done a 453 00:28:01,630 --> 00:27:55,380 review article on this so with that I'll 454 00:28:15,170 --> 00:28:09,020 okay thanks so here are there's our last 455 00:28:18,540 --> 00:28:15,180 slide listing all the connection to 456 00:28:23,430 --> 00:28:18,550 author astrobiology straightjacket 457 00:28:28,130 --> 00:28:23,440 that we have identified first of all how 458 00:28:33,450 --> 00:28:30,510 how can we identify habitable 459 00:28:35,550 --> 00:28:33,460 environments in our solar system and 460 00:28:40,260 --> 00:28:35,560 finally desserts for life on other 461 00:28:45,030 --> 00:28:40,270 worlds in all planetary system so that's 462 00:28:50,240 --> 00:28:45,040 what it we thank you and uh I think it's 463 00:28:54,720 --> 00:28:50,250 a plan for discussion and questions 464 00:28:58,170 --> 00:28:54,730 absolutely so at this point I can see 465 00:29:01,020 --> 00:28:58,180 that well at least one doesn't wrong has 466 00:29:03,480 --> 00:29:01,030 already seen you can type questions into 467 00:29:07,470 --> 00:29:03,490 the chat window and in fact he's doing 468 00:29:10,290 --> 00:29:07,480 that as as I speak um if anyone else 469 00:29:12,060 --> 00:29:10,300 wants to ask questions up at the top of 470 00:29:13,380 --> 00:29:12,070 the screen you'll see that there's a 471 00:29:15,630 --> 00:29:13,390 little button to let you raise your 472 00:29:17,730 --> 00:29:15,640 hands I think it might be worth doing 473 00:29:24,030 --> 00:29:17,740 that just because we had a number of 474 00:29:27,390 --> 00:29:24,040 people signed in today so questions and 475 00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:27,400 observations the people want to range 476 00:29:31,560 --> 00:29:29,410 and just to remind you the purpose of 477 00:29:34,290 --> 00:29:31,570 this webinar is partly to inform the 478 00:29:36,150 --> 00:29:34,300 community about different aspects of the 479 00:29:38,700 --> 00:29:36,160 overall roadmap that I'm alone but also 480 00:29:41,280 --> 00:29:38,710 to help the authors to strengthen their 481 00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:41,290 paint those so any observations that you 482 00:29:46,380 --> 00:29:43,210 want to make on this would be gratefully 483 00:29:49,020 --> 00:29:46,390 received the document itself will be 484 00:29:54,540 --> 00:29:49,030 opened up for comments very shortly as 485 00:29:57,420 --> 00:29:54,550 soon as this event is finished so gal 486 00:30:08,279 --> 00:29:57,430 has typed in a question if you want to 487 00:30:17,440 --> 00:30:12,430 perhaps I can feel that one from from 488 00:30:19,419 --> 00:30:17,450 Dell all I know since this is not my 489 00:30:22,600 --> 00:30:19,429 that is not my area of research but it 490 00:30:26,649 --> 00:30:22,610 is nevertheless and published by the 491 00:30:31,330 --> 00:30:26,659 group that I fight here nice Rev and and 492 00:30:34,029 --> 00:30:31,340 colleagues in 2003 since you raised the 493 00:30:35,950 --> 00:30:34,039 issue i can search for word on that and 494 00:30:38,590 --> 00:30:35,960 i'll make a note of that to see whether 495 00:30:41,710 --> 00:30:38,600 or not that has been discussed in later 496 00:30:44,649 --> 00:30:41,720 papers that take up that issue but 497 00:30:59,190 --> 00:30:44,659 nevertheless they were postulating that 498 00:31:04,269 --> 00:31:01,869 other questions you'll you're more than 499 00:31:08,109 --> 00:31:04,279 welcome to talk but the phone lines are 500 00:31:09,460 --> 00:31:08,119 also open so if you want to ask the 501 00:31:21,310 --> 00:31:09,470 question directly will make an 502 00:31:22,989 --> 00:31:21,320 observation please go right ahead in 503 00:31:25,259 --> 00:31:22,999 answer to Ron and maybe somebody else 504 00:31:28,269 --> 00:31:25,269 wants to chime in but yes that has been 505 00:31:32,700 --> 00:31:28,279 suggested actually by several groups is 506 00:31:36,369 --> 00:31:32,710 fly-through of the flumes for Enceladus 507 00:31:39,009 --> 00:31:36,379 now with the recent apparent discovery 508 00:31:41,379 --> 00:31:39,019 of what appear to be fluid flumes from 509 00:31:43,840 --> 00:31:41,389 Europa that Ross and company have just 510 00:31:46,840 --> 00:31:43,850 published perhaps that could be 511 00:31:49,359 --> 00:31:46,850 considered also it does not appear to me 512 00:31:52,629 --> 00:31:49,369 from the one paper that I've seen if it 513 00:31:56,649 --> 00:31:52,639 swims on Europa are anywhere near both 514 00:31:58,210 --> 00:31:56,659 sides of the plumes on Enceladus so they 515 00:32:00,249 --> 00:31:58,220 might be a more difficult target but 516 00:32:03,730 --> 00:32:00,259 nevertheless set it's probably the 517 00:32:05,950 --> 00:32:03,740 lowest dollar figure for a mission which 518 00:32:09,310 --> 00:32:05,960 actually gets something from the 519 00:32:12,460 --> 00:32:09,320 interior and because they would be 520 00:32:15,100 --> 00:32:12,470 flying through octave flumes material 521 00:32:17,980 --> 00:32:15,110 being emitted would have been exposed 522 00:32:21,160 --> 00:32:17,990 for a minimum amount of time to the 523 00:32:22,960 --> 00:32:21,170 destructive forces around whatever prime 524 00:32:25,390 --> 00:32:22,970 a planet it is whether it's a pattern 525 00:32:29,770 --> 00:32:25,400 for Jupiter and so I think it's a very 526 00:32:32,280 --> 00:32:29,780 attractive mission opportunity if it 527 00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:32,290 were combined with some sort of Lander 528 00:32:36,970 --> 00:32:34,610 of course that would be much more 529 00:32:40,240 --> 00:32:36,980 expensive but it also of course would 530 00:32:43,540 --> 00:32:40,250 give as much greater science payback I 531 00:32:53,580 --> 00:32:43,550 think so I say let's have some missions 532 00:33:04,690 --> 00:32:53,590 like that and the timing also is 533 00:33:13,920 --> 00:33:04,700 important it to do these plumes so so we 534 00:33:19,630 --> 00:33:17,410 other questions or comments and just so 535 00:33:21,790 --> 00:33:19,640 you're aware the document which is 536 00:33:25,270 --> 00:33:21,800 linked on the front of the website has 537 00:33:27,310 --> 00:33:25,280 now been opened up for comments so you 538 00:33:29,350 --> 00:33:27,320 can also write directly into that 539 00:33:31,990 --> 00:33:29,360 document if you haven't done it before 540 00:33:33,160 --> 00:33:32,000 it's a Google document you find a 541 00:33:34,960 --> 00:33:33,170 section that you're interested in 542 00:33:37,060 --> 00:33:34,970 commenting on you highlight the part 543 00:33:39,520 --> 00:33:37,070 that you want to do right click and 544 00:33:41,980 --> 00:33:39,530 choose add comment and you will then be 545 00:33:43,930 --> 00:33:41,990 able to stick in virtual post-it notes 546 00:33:46,150 --> 00:33:43,940 on their winter extremely useful the 547 00:33:49,360 --> 00:33:46,160 only request we make is that if you have 548 00:33:51,220 --> 00:33:49,370 a google account please login first just 549 00:33:53,170 --> 00:33:51,230 so that it will record your names so 550 00:33:54,340 --> 00:33:53,180 that the author group can get back to 551 00:33:56,320 --> 00:33:54,350 you if there's anything they want to 552 00:33:58,240 --> 00:33:56,330 clarify and if you don't have a Google 553 00:34:21,399 --> 00:33:58,250 account it will be useful if you could 554 00:34:27,649 --> 00:34:25,669 let me point out that their only have 555 00:34:32,690 --> 00:34:27,659 been essentially three of us working on 556 00:34:34,190 --> 00:34:32,700 this paper and obviously we are not all 557 00:34:37,510 --> 00:34:34,200 knowledgeable in spite of being very 558 00:34:40,669 --> 00:34:37,520 good with literature searching and so 559 00:34:42,859 --> 00:34:40,679 there are many effects what we have 560 00:34:45,409 --> 00:34:42,869 addressed here that what we would 561 00:34:48,079 --> 00:34:45,419 certainly welcome additional ideas or 562 00:34:50,690 --> 00:34:48,089 clarification or little pieces of 563 00:34:53,030 --> 00:34:50,700 literature that may have passed a five 564 00:34:54,950 --> 00:34:53,040 so we're still thinking of this is a 565 00:34:57,470 --> 00:34:54,960 work in progress even though we know we 566 00:35:02,450 --> 00:34:57,480 need to be wrapping this up relatively 567 00:35:05,210 --> 00:35:02,460 soon and that's certainly one of the 568 00:35:07,640 --> 00:35:05,220 useful ways that you can add comments to 569 00:35:09,710 --> 00:35:07,650 the document with particularly links to 570 00:35:14,390 --> 00:35:09,720 any papers that you're aware of that the 571 00:35:17,930 --> 00:35:14,400 team should know about so I can see that 572 00:35:22,250 --> 00:35:17,940 Ron is currently typing a comment while 573 00:35:24,500 --> 00:35:22,260 he's doing that are there any other any 574 00:35:26,480 --> 00:35:24,510 other thoughts that people want to raise 575 00:35:28,940 --> 00:35:26,490 as I say the phone lines are open if you 576 00:35:51,580 --> 00:35:28,950 want to talk directly you're welcome to 577 00:35:59,510 --> 00:35:56,120 now here is mentioning the new horizons 578 00:36:06,710 --> 00:35:59,520 missions I think definitely is relevant 579 00:36:09,490 --> 00:36:06,720 here Clarissa I see buddy that's the 580 00:36:13,340 --> 00:36:09,500 point we we didn't really consider pluto 581 00:36:15,530 --> 00:36:13,350 partly I think because one of us know 582 00:36:20,360 --> 00:36:15,540 much about food shuffle but it's 583 00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:20,370 certainly a very large kbo and hopefully 584 00:36:26,420 --> 00:36:24,210 when the woman's the horizons mission 585 00:36:29,060 --> 00:36:26,430 gets there will be able to flesh out 586 00:36:35,750 --> 00:36:29,070 some sort of picture of what those 587 00:36:39,740 --> 00:36:35,760 bodies are lights well gal if you wanted 588 00:36:43,580 --> 00:36:39,750 to go into the document at some point 589 00:36:47,150 --> 00:36:43,590 and if you have some ideas about the 590 00:37:00,400 --> 00:36:47,160 pseudo and Caroline system to add to the 591 00:37:08,310 --> 00:37:03,390 and then I see there's a question from a 592 00:37:11,740 --> 00:37:08,320 comment from Ron which is quite the case 593 00:37:14,140 --> 00:37:11,750 definitely there are acetylene detection 594 00:37:18,280 --> 00:37:14,150 supposedly I don't know myself how 595 00:37:20,320 --> 00:37:18,290 robust azhar but taking them on face 596 00:37:25,870 --> 00:37:20,330 value it certainly is a constituent of 597 00:37:27,730 --> 00:37:25,880 the Titan atmosphere and so any of the 598 00:37:32,380 --> 00:37:27,740 metabolic products that we know come 599 00:37:34,630 --> 00:37:32,390 from the acetylene fermenting guys maybe 600 00:37:37,660 --> 00:37:34,640 they would be at very very small parts 601 00:37:40,360 --> 00:37:37,670 for billions so there are detectability 602 00:37:42,730 --> 00:37:40,370 issues I think with instrumenting for 603 00:37:46,800 --> 00:37:42,740 such a mission but it would certainly be 604 00:37:49,720 --> 00:37:46,810 very tantalizing and important objects 605 00:37:55,210 --> 00:37:49,730 or important compounds to sit on the 606 00:37:56,950 --> 00:37:55,220 list of detectable material so if you 607 00:38:00,820 --> 00:37:56,960 want you can certainly add that to our 608 00:38:03,220 --> 00:38:00,830 paper otherwise you can trust me to do 609 00:38:40,579 --> 00:38:03,230 that to try to capture the essence of 610 00:38:50,760 --> 00:38:46,440 okay if there are no other points that 611 00:38:55,380 --> 00:38:50,770 we want to raise that num I want let me 612 00:38:57,930 --> 00:38:55,390 just let me just remind everyone the 613 00:39:00,120 --> 00:38:57,940 document itself you can access straight 614 00:39:02,130 --> 00:39:00,130 from the front page at the website it 615 00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:02,140 will be up there as the number one link 616 00:39:09,540 --> 00:39:05,410 for the next week we're looking for all 617 00:39:13,500 --> 00:39:09,550 the feedback we can get on it and this 618 00:39:16,410 --> 00:39:13,510 session will be up on the website in a 619 00:39:17,910 --> 00:39:16,420 day or so if you want to review it or if 620 00:39:20,339 --> 00:39:17,920 there are other people that you think 621 00:39:23,790 --> 00:39:20,349 should be seeing the presentation and 622 00:39:29,280 --> 00:39:23,800 the slide pack itself is also directly 623 00:39:33,930 --> 00:39:29,290 available from the event upon day on the 624 00:39:37,980 --> 00:39:33,940 front page as well um we are reaching 625 00:39:40,620 --> 00:39:37,990 almost the end of our webinar series we 626 00:39:43,140 --> 00:39:40,630 have to have everything wrapped up by 627 00:39:45,359 --> 00:39:43,150 the end of January and once we've got 628 00:39:48,750 --> 00:39:45,369 that done there would be a brief hiatus 629 00:39:50,609 --> 00:39:48,760 while we're discussing the next move and 630 00:39:53,700 --> 00:39:50,619 then we'll be moving into more of a 631 00:39:56,549 --> 00:39:53,710 converging phase but will be briefing 632 00:40:00,030 --> 00:39:56,559 the community about that a very simple 633 00:40:02,359 --> 00:40:00,040 okay so thank you to our presenters and 634 00:40:05,499 --> 00:40:02,369 thank you to all of our participants